Includes bibliographical references ( pages 445-485) and index.

Part 1. Introduction and philosophical foundation

What is a cause? / Glenn W. Suter

How have causes been identified? / Glenn W. Suter, Susan M. Cormier

Characteristics and evidence of causation / Susan M. Cormier, Glenn W. Suter, Susan B. Norton

Human cognition and causal assessment * / Susan B. Norton, Leela Rao

Part 2. Conducting causal assessments

Our approach for identifying causes / Susan M. Cormier, Susan B. Norton, Glenn W. Suter

Part 2A. Formulating the problem

Defining the case / Susan B. Norton, Glenn W. Suter

Listing candidate causes / Susan B. Norton, Kate Schofield, Glenn W. Suter, Susan M. Cormier

Part 2B. Deriving evidence

Case-speciflc observations : assembling and exploring data / Susan B. Norton, Michael G. McManus

Case-specific observations : deriving evidence / Susan B. Norton, David Farrar, Michael Griffith

Regional observational studies : assembling and exploring data / Jeroen Gerritsen, Lester L. Yuan, Patricia Shaw-Allen, David Farrar

Regional observational studies : deriving evidence / Jeroen Gerritsen, Lester L. Yuan, Patricia Shaw-Allen, Susan M. Cormier

Regional observational studies : addressing confounding / David Farrar, Laurie C. Alexander, Lester L. Yuan, Jeroen Gerritsen

Assessment-speciflc field study designs and methods / Robert B. Brua, Joseph M. Culp, Alexa C. Alexander

Laboratory experiments and microcosms / Alexa C. Alexander, Joseph M. Culp, Robert B. Brua

Mesocosm studies / Joseph M. Culp, Alexa C. Alexander, Robert B. Brua

Symptoms, body burdens, and biomarkers / Glenn W. Suter

Simulation models / Glenn W. Suter

Part 2C. Forming conclusions and using the finding

Forming causal conclusions / Glenn W. Suter, Susan M. Cormier, Susan B. Norton

Communicating the findings / Susan M. Cormier

After the causal assessment : using the findings / Susan B. Norton, Scot E. Hagerthey, Glenn W. Suter

Part 3. Case studies

Causal assessment in a complex urban watershed -the long creek case study * / C. Richard Ziegler, Susan B. Norton

Clear fork watershed case study : the value of state monitoring programs / Lei Zheng, Jeroen Gerritsen, Susan M. Cormier

Northern river basins study and the Athabasca river : the value of experimental approaches in a weight-of-evidence assessment / Alexa C. Alexander, Patricia A. Chambers, Robert B. Brua, Joseph M. Culp

Applying CADDIS to a terrestrial case : San Joaquin kit foxes on an oil field / Glenn W. Suter, Thomas P. O’Farrell